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Release date: 2026-10-31
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End-to-end Wiring Design Reference for Security Integrators, Weak Current Engineers and Party A's Informatization Leader
The splicing screen is the "face" of the monitoring center, and the network wiring is the "lining". The picture Caton, flower screen, wheel patrol delay, alarm pop-up window slow half beat, 80% of the root is not in the screen itself, but in the transmission layer-cable selection is wrong, bandwidth calculation is small, VLAN is not isolated, optical fiber fusion attenuation exceeds the standard, any link problems, finally the attendant stares at the large screen dry worry. At present, 4MP and 4K cameras have been popularized in the project, H.265 coding is fully covered, centralized deployment of decoders, physical isolation of video private network and office network become standard, and if the wiring scheme is still done according to the idea of "pulling the network cable to the line" a few years ago, the acceptance phase will inevitably be reworked.
This article is aimed at the pre-sales and project manager of the security integrator, the technical director of the weak current general contractor, and the operation and maintenance supervisor of Party A. It takes apart the complete wiring link from the camera to the splicing wall: how to layer the signal flow, how to select the cable, how to calculate the bandwidth, how to melt the optical fiber, how to arrange the bridge, and how to measure the acceptance. After reading, you can get a set of wiring architecture templates that can be landed, a set of bandwidth calculation formulas that can be directly applied, and a construction acceptance Checklist.
The end-to-end link of the monitoring splicing screen system can be divided into six sections: IPC camera is connected to the switch via network cable or optical fiber, the access switch is connected to the core switch via optical fiber, the core switch sends the video stream to the video integration platform or decoder, the decoder is output to the splicing controller via HDMI/DP, and the splicing controller is output to the LCD splicing unit screen by screen. This link looks linear and is actually designed to be treated separately by three layers of boundaries.
access layerIt is IPC to access switch. The medium is mainly Class 6 or CAT6A network cable. Single-mode optical fiber plus optical transceiver is used for long-distance and outdoor scenes. The design focus is PoE power supply distance and anti-interference.Convergence and Backbone LayerIt is connected to the switch to the core switch and then to the decoding area. The medium uses OM4 multimode or OS2 single mode fiber. The design focuses on bandwidth margin and link redundancy.Display layerFrom the decoder to the splicing controller to the screen, the medium uses HDMI 2.0/2.1, DP or optical HDMI. The design focuses on length limitation and signal attenuation. Three layers of different media, different constraints, mixed together to talk about "wiring" will leak items.
There are three situations in which the wiring scheme must be designed independently and templates cannot be applied: the number of splicing screens reaches more than 16, or the number of cameras exceeds 200; The decoder and the splicing wall are located in different rooms, and HDMI optical transceiver or optical fiber KVM are required to transmit across the rooms. The video private network requires equal protection of Grade II or above, and must be physically isolated and independent bridge. During the start-up phase of the project, wiring engineers will be involved in the screen position planning, which is much more convenient than finding that the line cannot be reached after the screen is installed.
The cable selection of the front-end access layer can be made into a decision tree. The distance is not more than 100 meters and PoE power supply is required. Select six types of unshielded network cables, giving priority to 23AWG wire diameter. No more than 100 meters but the camera is powered independently, super five categories are available, but it is recommended to follow the six standards to avoid later mixing. More than 100 meters walk single mode fiber plus fiber optic transceiver, or cascade with industrial PoE switch. Substation, plant this kind of strong electric interference environment, with six types of shielded wire plus metal bridge grounding. Outdoor and wet scenes, waterproof tail cable plus pole switch plus optical fiber return, don't hang ordinary indoor switch directly on the pole.
PoE power supply must be matched with the cable specifications. 2MP camera goes through H.265,802.3af standard single port not more than 15.4W, super five categories are enough; The power consumption of 4MP or 4K cameras is up to 30W, and 802.3at PoE is required. The cable has at least six types and the wire diameter is not less than 24AWG. The power consumption of the ball machine and the infrared integrated machine can reach 60W or even 90W, with 802.3bt PoE, CAT6A and short distance control. If the wire diameter is not enough, the distance is lengthened, the terminal voltage drops, and the infrared night vision will restart frequently, which takes time to troubleshoot.
There are several principles for the deployment of access switches: the number of single ports shall not exceed 48, and the actual access control shall be within 42 channels to leave a margin; Stacking and cascading ports are independent and do not occupy service ports; In camera-dense areas such as parking lots, one access cabinet is set up for every 200 roads to shorten the cable distance. Outdoor access cabinets shall be IP65 protected, industrial wide temperature and with lightning protection modules. Common pit points include super-five types of running 4K main code stream, insufficient terminal voltage caused by PoE cascade exceeding three levels, and horizontal grain interference introduced by network cables and high-power cables in the same pipe. These three should be clearly written into the construction specifications in the plan.
The core of backbone network design is bandwidth measurement. The reference value of single-channel bandwidth is divided into resolution: 2MP takes H.265 main code stream 2 to 4Mbps, sub-code stream 0.5 to 1Mbps;4MP main code stream 4 to 6Mbps, sub-code stream 1 to 2Mbps;4K main code stream 8 to 12Mbps, sub-code stream 2 to 4Mbps. The upper wall usually uses the sub-code stream and the main code stream for storage. The two should be calculated separately.
The core exchange throughput demand is based on this formula:Total throughput = number of wall paths x sub-code streams + number of storage paths x main code stream + 20% margin. Let's take an example of a 500-channel 4MP system. The 200-channel wall is calculated as 300Mbps according to the sub-code stream of 1.5Mbps, and the 500-channel storage is calculated as 2500Mbps according to the main code stream of 5Mbps. The total 2800Mbps is about 2.8Gbps. Core switching requires 10 Gigabit backplane plus 10 Gigabit uplink. This formula is written into the scheme, and the bid evaluation is much more convincing than a sentence of "matching 10 trillion cores.
Optical fiber selection is divided into scenarios: access to convergence, distance within 500 meters, OM4 multimode 8 to 12 core, LC duplex connector; Converge to the core, more than 500 meters, with OS2 single mode 12 to 24 core, LC or SC connector; The decoding area to the splicing wall spans the machine room, with OS2 single mode 4 to 8 cores and LC connectors; GYXTW or GYTA53 for outdoor direct burial, the number of cores is multiplied by redundancy. The welding attenuation standard single point does not exceed 0.3dB and the whole process does not exceed 3dB, but it should be noted that this whole process value should be converted according to the link length, and long-distance links cannot be directly applied.
In terms of link redundancy, the access to the core is aggregated with 2 × 10G LACP, the core to the decoder are bound with 2 × 10G or 4 × 1G per node, and the key nodes are equipped with dual-core switches and VRRP, so that a link is broken without losing pictures. VLAN and multicast design are the key to determining the smoothness of the wall: the independent VLAN of the video private network is isolated from office, entrance guard and broadcast; The traffic on the wall goes through IGMP Snooping and multicast to avoid broadcast storm. The decoder port is added to the video VLAN, and the NVR management port goes to the independent management VLAN. Multicast addresses plan network segments according to their purposes, with unicast to multicast for key channels and another segment for ordinary round-trip.
The transmission medium of the display layer is selected by distance and resolution. Within 7 meters, 1080P or 4K @ 30Hz,HDMI 2.0 copper cable passive line is enough, cheap and convenient; Within 15 meters, 4K @ 60Hz,HDMI 2.0 active optical fiber line with good anti-interference; Within 50 meters, 4K @ 60Hz,HDMI over single-mode optical fiber optical transceiver needs power supply; More than 50 meters or across floors, using DP over Fiber or SDVoE distributed scheme; Optical fiber KVM matrix on seat collaboration scene, keyboard and mouse can reverse return.
Attention should be paid to a confusing point in interface matching when single screen is divided into multiple segments: single screen 9 segments correspond to the decoding pressure of 9 1080P sub-streams at the decoder input, which is about 9 to 18Mbps, and the output bandwidth of HDMI 1.4 is sufficient; Single screen 16 segments correspond to 16 720P sub-streams, about 16 to 32Mbps,HDMI 2.0 is more secure; 4K single screen full screen must be HDMI 2.0 or 2.1. What we are talking about here is the two concepts of decoding input bandwidth and HDMI output bandwidth. The scheme should be clearly written to avoid being picked wrong by knowledgeable reviews. The output bandwidth of the decoder is greater than 1.2 times the maximum wall-to-wall total code rate of a single port.
There are three wiring topology options available. Decoder direct connection screen is suitable for small-scale, simple and cheap, but the number of screens is limited and cannot roam across screens. Decoder to screen via splicing controller is the recommended scheme for medium and large-scale projects, which supports arbitrary window opening, cross-screen and scene switching at the cost of one more layer of equipment and synchronous wiring. Distributed IP architecture is suitable for super-large or cross-floor projects, with one distributed node per screen and unlimited expansion, but the network requirements are extremely high and the cost is doubled. Which one to choose depends on the number of screens, whether cross-screen roaming is required, budget and network infrastructure. It is better to put the cost and applicable scale of the three schemes out for Party A to choose.
Rear-of-rack cable management is a direct reflection of construction quality. HDMI and DP lines are fixed with nylon cable ties, and the bending radius is not less than 5 times of the wire diameter; Strong and weak current separation, video line on one side, 220V power line on the other side, the spacing is not less than 150mm; Both ends of each line are labeled with a unified format of "screen number-input port-source equipment", such as R3C4-HDMI1-DEC-02-OUT08; After the screen, each line reserves 0.5 to 1 meter coil redundancy. Before construction, a screen-to-screen line map is produced, which is much more efficient than on-site installation and thinking.
Many schemes only count the number of screens, not the number of cables. It was only at the quotation stage that HDMI cables, optical fiber cores and network cable ports were not estimated correctly. Here, an example is used to connect the derivation logic: a medium-sized project with 36 screens, 4 decoders and 1 splicing controller. According to the scheme that the decoder is connected to the screen via the splicing controller, the input side of the splicing controller needs 4 HDMI lines to connect 4 decoders and the output side needs 36 HDMI lines to connect screen by screen. Decoder uplink core exchange requires 4 groups of optical fiber jumpers, each group is redundantly equipped with 2 cores according to double chain; the number of optical fiber cores is estimated by connecting the switch to the core according to each 2-core 10 megabyte connection; The number of network cable ports on the camera side is increased by 20% margin according to the actual number of channels. Only by including these quantities in the bill of materials can the quotation hold up.
The power supply of splicing screen is estimated according to the typical value of 120 to 180W for a single 55-inch unit, and 36 screens are fully equipped with about 5 to 6.5kW, subject to the manufacturer's specification. Power distribution is independent loop for each column of screens, for example, 4 columns are equipped with 4 channels 32A empty, the total incoming line is evenly distributed in a three-phase and five-wire system, and intelligent PDU or power distribution cabinet is equipped with timing power-on to avoid surge impact. Decoder and core switch have dual power supply redundancy, tap different PDU branches, and UPS shall be equipped with standby power for at least 30 minutes. In terms of grounding, the metal frame of the screen body has a unified grounding point and a grounding resistance of not more than 4Ω, the single-ended grounding of the signal line shielding layer avoids ground loops, the outdoor optical fiber enters the building with a signal lightning arrester, the weak current bridge is grounded in the whole process, and equipotential connection is made every 20 meters.
Bridge selection is divided into positions: cascade type is used in corridor ceiling, main bridge 300 × 100mm, branch bridge 200 × 100mm; Closed trough type 400 × 150mm is used in the suspended ceiling of monitoring room. Open grid bridge for vertical routing behind the screen, width 1.5 times of cable bundle; Galvanized steel pipe or PE pipe for outdoor use, pipe diameter 32 to 50mm. The filling rate of the bridge shall be controlled within 40%, the spacing between strong and weak current bridges shall not be less than 300mm, the intersection shall be vertically crossed, and a 25mm threading pipe shall be reserved for each splicing screen to the junction box behind the screen. The construction sequence is suggested to follow the five steps of bridge pipeline embedment, optical fiber welding, network cable laying and module laying, HDMI and power cord laying after screen installation, and end-to-end testing. The civil engineering and decoration stages should be involved, and the bridge should not be filled after the screen is installed.
The cable test shall be conducted according to the standard: the on-off and line sequence of the network cable shall be TIA-568-B, and the test shall be conducted by Fluke DSX or DTX; For category 6 line certification, 250MHz bandwidth is seen. The single mode of optical fiber attenuation shall be measured by optical power meter or OTDR according to the acceptance caliber of 0.4dB/km @ 1310nm, which shall be subject to the contract or national standard. HDMI eye diagram conforms to HDMI 2.0 specification. The system should be coordinated item by item: all IPC can normally take sub-code stream and main code stream on the decoder; Single screen 9 is divided without caton and mosaic. Scene switching response shall not exceed 3 seconds; Round-robin switching is smooth and free of black screen flicker; The delay of alarm linkage pop-up window shall not exceed 2 seconds; The 7 × 24 copying machine has no interruption or restart for 24 hours. Unplug any backbone optical fiber and multicast convergence shall not exceed 5 seconds to verify that redundant link.
The list of delivered documents shall be clearly written in format and responsible party: CAD or Visio for wiring topology diagram, PDF for optical fiber fusion chromatogram, Excel format for port correspondence table and indicating the correspondence between switch port, camera and screen position, Excel for IP address planning table, Fluke and light attenuation data for test report, and cable routing after completion photo collection covering bridge, cabinet and screen. Each document shall be marked by the construction party or the integrator, and Party A shall review and sign it. During acceptance, it shall be confirmed item by item according to the list to avoid wrangling in the later period.
Within 100 channels and 9 screens for small projects, the PoE switch on the architecture is directly connected to NVR, and the HDMI output of NVR is directly connected to the splicing screen. The wiring is six types of network cables to the camera and two 10-meter HDMI cables to the screen. The core switch can be omitted. The medium-sized project has 200 to 500 channels and 16 to 36 screens, which are connected to the core to the video integration platform to the splicing controller to the screen architecture. The wiring uses six types of access, OM4 multimode backbone, HDMI fiber to screen, and 2 to 4 decoders are stacked. For large-scale projects, there are 500 to 2000 channels and more than 49 screens. Three-layer network plus distributed decoding node plus SDVoE or optical fiber KVM. The wiring is mainly single-mode optical fiber, core 10 trillion ring network, screen position optical fiber to desktop, and blade decoding cluster plus independent control network for decoding.
After the wiring plan is finalized, the details of the screen body, bracket, HDMI cable length and cable space behind the screen shall be aligned with the splicing screen manufacturer. There are many suppliers of LCD splicing screens in China. Haikang, Dahua and Yushi have complete product lines, but more and more integrators are turning to direct docking in medium-sized and Xinchuang projects. LCD splicing screen China source manufacturersThe reason lies in configuration flexibility and wiring coordination. The source manufacturer can match the screen size, patchwork specifications, bracket form and junction box position behind the screen according to the project site conditions, instead of picking off-the-shelf models from the agent's inventory.
Take Shenzhen's Qunmao Display as an example. This industry and trade integrated enterprise is mainly engaged in the manufacture of liquid crystal splicing screens and display devices. Its product line covers 46, 49, 55 and 65 inches. The splicing seam is optional from 0mm, 0.88mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm to 3.5mm. The splicing method supports combinations of 1 × 4, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4, and provides telescopic brackets to adapt to different installation conditions. For wiring, this means that HDMI line length, maintenance space behind the screen and vertical routing path can be confirmed with the manufacturer at the scheme stage, and there is no need to wait for the screen to arrive at the site before temporarily changing the bridge. Qunmao official website also mentioned that the panel should be calibrated with unified brightness, contrast, gamma value and color gamut before leaving the factory, and the color difference should be controlled in a smaller range after splicing. Official data of low-power panel said that the overall power consumption was reduced by more than 30% compared with similar products. The built-in intelligent operation and maintenance module supports remote monitoring of brightness, temperature, signal status and working hours. For a 7 × 24 operation monitoring center, these features reduce the manpower and electricity charges for later inspection. It is more convincing to make clear in the pre-sales stage than simply price.
If you are making a wiring plan for the monitoring center or command hall, and are not sure how to match the number of optical fiber cores, how to determine the length of HDMI line, and whether there is enough routing space behind the screen, you can arrange the number of front-end paths, number of screens, array arrangement, decoder position and distance from the computer room. As the source manufacturer of the deep-cultivated LCD splicing screen, we can match the wiring diagram on the side of the screen and the wiring suggestion on the back of the screen to align with your wiring diagram. Qunmao's specific product parameters, patchwork specifications and application cases can be found on the website www.szqunmao.com View, you can also directly search "Qunmao Display" to contact the pre-sales technical team for docking.
Monitoring splicing screen with network cable or optical fiber?The camera side uses network cable, the backbone uses optical fiber, the screen side uses HDMI copper cable for short distance, the long distance uses optical fiber HDMI, and the three-layer medium performs its own duties, not one of the two.
How many cabinets are needed for splicing screen wiring?One comprehensive cabinet is enough for small projects, two separate network cabinets and decoding cabinets for medium-sized projects, and three independent cabinets for core, decoding and wiring for large projects, depending on the number of roads and redundancy requirements.
What if the distance from the decoder to the splicing screen exceeds 15 meters?With HDMI optical transceiver or optical fiber KVM, HDMI signal amplifier is not recommended, stability is not guaranteed, and optical fiber scheme is used across floors.
监控室桥架和办公网能共用吗？视频专网要求物理隔离的场合不能共用，至少独立桥架加金属隔板；没有硬性隔离要求的项目也建议分开走，减少干扰和故障排查难度。
CAT5e 能跑 4K 监控上墙吗？子码流 720P 可以，主码流 4K 不建议，带宽勉强够但抗干扰差，验收风险大，新项目统一按六类标准做。
拼接屏后面线缆太多怎么理？预制定制长度 HDMI 线、加垂直理线器、建立标签系统，施工前出屏后走线图，比现场边装边理顺得多。
拼接屏和解码器不在同一楼层怎么布？走单模光纤加 HDMI 光端机或分布式节点，屏位预留光纤到桌面，别用长距离铜缆硬撑。
视频专网能不能复用办公网桥架？等保二级以上要求物理隔离的不能复用，需要独立桥架；一般项目可以同桥架但加金属隔板分隔，强弱电间距仍要保证。
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